Year
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Representative AMPs Selected by the APD3 Database |
1922
|
discovered by Alexander Fleming (suggested by Robert Lehrer). This discovery declares the birth of modern innate immunity (Richard Gallo). Note that in 1928, Fleming discovered penicillin, the first dipeptide antibiotic in human history.
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1928
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(only antibacterial activity was noticed in 1928 and the structure determination was a long journey)
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1939
|
(bacteria), the first linear channel-forming peptide antibiotic used clinically
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1942
|
Purothionins found from plants
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1944
|
the first circular peptide antibiotic discovered from bacteria and used clinically to treat wounds (earlier literature in Russian)
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1947
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(bacteria), the last resort to treat resistant Gram-negative superbugs
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1967
|
established as an AMP
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1970
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1973
|
Plant Kalata B1 (identified as a uterotonic drug)
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1974
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1979
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1981
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1985
|
; Microcin
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1986
|
, Pardaxins 1-3 (identified),
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1987
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1988
|
Horseshoe crab , ,
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1989
|
; horseshoe crab Polyphemusin, HNP4, Patellamide
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1990
|
bacterial Duramycin,
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1991
|
pig cathelicidin ,
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1992
|
, frog Brevinin, bovine Indolicidin, (known smallest lantibiotic),
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1993
|
, Bovine beta defensins, pig Protegrin, amphibian Caerin, plant antifungal peptides
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1994
|
Amphibian Dermaseptin, Esculentin, Avian defensin, Protozoan amoebapore
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1995
|
, hBD-1
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1996
|
LL-37; , Thanatin, Buforin, Uperin, Mytilin, Pardaxin 4 (antibacterial activity detected)
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1997
|
Clavanin, Styelin, hBD-2
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1998
|
Lactoferrin, Ranaturin, Maculatin, Lycotoxin, Granulysin
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1999
|
Circulin, , (a prototype plant cyclotide is established as an AMP)
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2000
|
thrombocidin (the first antimicrobial chemokine), Aurein, rCRAMP, Palustrin, the first gly-rich Shepherins from plants
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2001
|
hBD-3, hBD-4, Ponericin, ,
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2002
|
; Maximin, Hepcidin, Cupiennin, Retrocyclin, Halocidin
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2003
|
is approved by FDA as a new antibiotic. human angiogenins, human chemokine (e.g. CCL20), Alo-1, Circularin A, PhD1, Halocin C8 (archaeocins)
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2004
|
Arenicin, , Ascaphin, Caenacin (Gly-rich)
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2005
|
human psoriasin (S100A7), , Phylloseptin
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2006
|
human RNase 8; Latarcin, Cycloviolacin, Lividin
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2007
|
Dybowskin, Pleurain, Hyposin, Odorranain, AvBD,
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2008
|
human RNase 3; BTD, Vibi
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2009
|
cn-AMP, Kassinatuerin, , Lichennicidin, Myxinidin
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2010
|
Caenopore-5, , , Centrocin, Beta-amyloid peptide, Thuricin CD
|
|
2011
|
LCI (no disulfide bond beta sheet), Glycocin F (class 4 bacteriocin is found), frog cathelicidin-AL, PAM1
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|
2012
|
(7 thioether rings), uncyclotide ChaC7 (i.e open chained), Microcin S (103AA), Slerocin, fungal Eurocin, fungal Micasin,
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|
2013
|
, Protozoan Acanthaporin with a unique fold
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|
2014
|
; fungal defensin ; human RNase 6; Human alpha defensin HD-6 is established as an AMP; BacFL31; Baceridin; Lassomycin; sonorensin; EcAMP3; Hispidalin; Crotalicidin. Highlighted in Antimicrobial Peptides in 2014
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2015
|
; BnPRP1 (Pro-rich from plants); Ep-AMP1; from a commensal bacterium
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2016
|
, a unique sequence from protist; , a circular peptide via a non-peptide bond; MjPen-II (a multiple domain AMP); , another form of human cathelicidin
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|
2017
|
, specific inhibition of influenza A virus H1N1; , a defensin with a unique fold by forming 5 intermolecular disulfide bonds.
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2018
|
, a ribosome-binding Pro-rich peptide from sea mammals; Rattusin, a rat alpha-defensin with a unique fold by forming five intermolecular disulfide bonds
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2019
|
, an innate immune peptide inolved in the process of insect sleep; induced by vitamin A;
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2020
|
;
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2021
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2022
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2023
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Acknowledgements: We thank Michael Zasloff and Robert Lehrer for suggestions.
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